Aikin Tabbatar da Haske (oPoW): Canji Mai Girma a Harkar Hakar Kudi ta Dijital

1. Gabatarwa

Wannan takarda tana nazarin takardar bincike "Aikin Tabbatar da Haske" na Dubrovsky, Ball, da Penkovsky. Takardar ta ba da shawara kan canji mai mahimmanci a cikin tushen tattalin arziki da kayan aikin hakar kudi ta dijital, ta motsa daga kashe kuɗin aiki (OPEX) wanda wutar lantarki ke mamaye zuwa kashe kuɗin jari (CAPEX) wanda keɓaɓɓen kayan aikin haske (photonic) ke mamaye.

2. Matsalar Aikin Tabbatarwa na Al'ada (PoW)

Aikin Tabbatarwa na Al'ada (PoW), kamar yadda Hashcash na Bitcoin ya nuna, yana kiyaye hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sanya farashi na tattalin arziki da za'a iya tantancewa. Duk da haka, wannan farashin kusan gaba ɗaya wutar lantarki ne.

2.1. Amfani da Wutar Lantarki & Iya Girma

Takardar ta gano babban amfani da wutar lantarki na hakar Bitcoin a matsayin babban cikas don haɓaka hanyar sadarwa sau 10-100. Wannan yana haifar da damuwa game da muhalli kuma yana iyakance amfani.

2.2. Tari da Haɗarin Tsarin

Hakar ya tattara a yankuna masu arha wutar lantarki (misali, wasu sassan China, a tarihi), yana haifar da tattarawar yanki. Wannan yana haifar da wurare guda ɗaya na gazawa, yana ƙara rauni ga hare-haren rarrabuwa, kuma yana fallasa hanyar sadarwa ga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodi na yanki.

3. Manufar Aikin Tabbatar da Haske (oPoW)

oPoW sabon tsarin algorithm ne na PoW wanda aka ƙera don a iya lissafta shi cikin inganci ta na'urorin haɗin kai na silicon photonic. Babban ƙirƙira shine canza farashin farko daga wutar lantarki (OPEX) zuwa keɓaɓɓen kayan aiki (CAPEX).

3.1. Tsarin Algorithm na Asali & Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha

Tsarin oPoW ya ƙunshi ƙananan gyare-gyare ga algorithms masu kama da Hashcash. An inganta shi don samfurin lissafi na haske (photonic), yana mai da shi mafi inganci sosai ga amfani da wutar lantarki don keɓaɓɓen kayan aiki yayin da har yanzu ana iya tantance shi ta hanyar CPUs na al'ada.

3.2. Kayan Aiki: Na'urorin Haɗin Kai na Silicon Photonic

Algorithm ɗin yana amfani da ci gaban shekaru ashirin a fannin silicon photonics. An ƙera shi don sauƙaƙan sigogin na'urorin haɗin kai na kasuwanci na photonic waɗanda aka fara haɓaka don ayyukan zurfin koyo masu ƙarancin makamashi. Ana ƙarfafa masu hakar su yi amfani da wannan keɓaɓɓen kayan aiki masu inganci.

4. Fa'idodi & Tasirin Tsaro

• Tanadin Makamashi: Yana rage matuƙar tasirin carbon na hakar.
• Rarrabawa: Yana ba da damar hakar riba a wajen yankunan da farashin wutar lantarki ya yi ƙasa, yana inganta rarraba yanki da juriya ga takunkumi.
• Kwanciyar Farashin: Tsarin farashi wanda CAPEX ke mamaye yana sa ƙimar hashrate na hanyar sadarwa ta zama ƙasa da kula da faɗuwar farashin tsabar kuɗi kwatsam, wanda zai iya ƙara tsaro yayin kasuwannin bear.
• Dimokuradiyya: Zai iya rage shingen shiga ta hanyar raba riba daga samun wutar lantarki mai arha sosai.

5. Ra'ayin Mai Bincike: Rarrabuwa ta Matakai Hudu

Fahimta ta Asali: Takardar oPoW ba kawai game da inganci ba ce; yana da dabarun sake tsara ainihin tushen tattalin arziki na tsaron blockchain. Marubutan sun gano daidai cewa tsaron PoW ya samo asali ne daga sanya kowane farashi da za'a iya tantancewa, ba musamman na wutar lantarki ba. Fahimtarsu ita ce, canza wannan farashin daga OPEX mai canzawa (wutar lantarki) zuwa CAPEX mai raguwa (kayan aiki) zai iya haifar da hanyar sadarwa mafi kwanciyar hankali, rarrabuwa, da juriya ga siyasa—wata hujja da ke ƙalubalantar ƙaƙƙarfan yanayin hakar ASIC.

Tsarin Ma'ana: Hujjar tana da gamsarwa: 1) PoW na yanzu ba shi da dorewa kuma an tattara shi. 2) Bukatar tsaro ita ce farashin tattalin arziki, ba makamashi da kansa ba. 3) Silicon photonics suna ba da hanyar da aka tabbatar, ta kasuwanci zuwa lissafi mai inganci sosai. 4) Don haka, ƙirƙirar algorithm na PoW da aka inganta don photonics zai iya magance matsalolin asali. Ma'ana tana da inganci, amma babban tsalle yana cikin mataki na 3—ana ɗauka cewa algorithm na iya zama duka an inganta shi don photonic kuma ya kasance mai juriya ga ASIC a cikin dogon lokaci, ƙalubale da ci gaban hakar Bitcoin da kansa ya nuna.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfin yana cikin mayar da hankali ga kayan aiki masu sa ido zuwa gaba da magance haɗarin siyasa na gaske (tari na yanki). Kuskuren takardar, wanda ya zama ruwan dare ga yawancin shawarwari na tushen kayan aiki, shine ƙima ƙarfin zagayowar ingantawa. Kamar yadda Bitcoin ta ga canji daga CPUs zuwa GPUs zuwa ASICs, oPoW mai nasara zai haifar da tseren makamai a cikin ƙirar ASIC na photonic, wanda zai iya sake tattara iko a tsakanin ƴan ƙira na guntu na photonic (kamar Luminous Computing ko Lightmatter). Don haka, da'awar "dimokuradiyya" tana da rauni. Bugu da ƙari, fa'idar muhalli, duk da cewa gaskiya ce, kawai tana canja wurin tasirin carbon daga wurin mai hakar zuwa masana'antar ƙera semiconductor.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu saka hannun jari da masu haɓakawa, wannan yana nuna wani muhimmin al'ada: gaba gaba na haɓaka blockchain yana a mahadar cryptography da sababbin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi. Ku kalli kamfanoni da ke kasuwanci na'urorin haɓaka AI na photonic—su ne masana'antun hakar makamashi na gaba. Ga igiyoyin PoW na yanzu, takardar ita ce kiran farkawa don ƙirar haɗarin tsarin daga siyasar makamashi. Aikace-aikacen mafi kusa ba zai iya zama a cikin maye gurbin Bitcoin ba, amma a ƙaddamar da sabbin igiyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙera da manufa inda hakar makamashi kaɗan, rarrabuwa tun daga ranar farko siffa ce ta asali, kamar yadda tsabar kuɗin da aka mai da hankali kan sirri suka karɓi algorithms daban-daban.

6. Zurfin Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Algorithm ɗin oPoW yana gyara ƙalubalen Hashcash na al'ada. Duk da yake cikakken bayanin yana cikin takardar, ainihin ra'ayin ya ƙunshi ƙirƙirar matsalar lissafi inda "aikin" shine bincika ta sararin da aka ayyana ta hanyar tsarin tsangwama na haske ko jinkirin hanyar haske, waɗanda suke na halitta ga da'irori na photonic.

Wakilcin sauƙaƙa na matakin tabbatarwa, wanda ya dace da tsarin al'ada, har yanzu zai iya amfani da hash na sirri. Tsarin photonic na mai hakar yana warware matsalar siffar: Nemo x kamar yadda f_optical(x, ƙalubale) ya haifar da takamaiman tsari ko ƙima, inda f_optical aiki ne mai tasiri zuwa ayyukan kayan aikin photonic. Maganin x sannan ana yin hash: $H(x || \text{ƙalubale}) < \text{manufa}$.

Mabuɗin shine cewa lissafin f_optical(x, ƙalubale) yana da sauri/arha sosai akan na'urar sarrafa photonic fiye da akan kwamfutar lantarki ta dijital, yana mai da CAPEX na kayan aikin photonic farashin farko.

7. Sakamakon Gwaji & Binciken Samfuri

Takardar tana nuni ga samfurin mai hakar silicon photonic na oPoW (Hoto na 1 a cikin PDF). Duk da yake ba a bayyana cikakkun ma'auni na ayyuka ba a cikin abin da aka ba da, kasancewar samfuri wata babbar da'awa ce. Yana nuna cewa canji daga ka'ida zuwa kayan aiki na aiki yana gudana.

Bayanin Chati & Zane: Hoto na 1 mai yiwuwa yana nuna saitin dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda ya ƙunshi guntu na silicon photonic da aka ɗora akan allon mai ɗauka, an haɗa shi da na'urorin lantarki na sarrafawa (mai yiwuwa FPGA ko microcontroller). Guntun photonic zai ƙunshi jagororin raƙuman ruwa, masu daidaitawa, da na'urori masu gano waɗanda aka saita don aiwatar da takamaiman lissafin da algorithm ɗin oPoW ke buƙata. Ma'aunin mahimmanci don kimantawa shine Joules kowace Hash (ko irin wannan raka'a) idan aka kwatanta da ASICs na Bitcoin na zamani (misali, Antminer S19 XP yana aiki da kusan 22 J/TH). Samfurin oPoW mai nasara zai buƙaci nuna ingantaccen ingantaccen amfani da makamashi don ainihin lissafin PoW don tabbatar da canjin tsari.

8. Tsarin Bincike: Nazarin Lamari Ba tare da Code ba

Nazarin Lamari: Kimanta Sabuwar Tsabar Kudi ta oPoW

1. Binciken Yanayin Kayan Aiki:

• Tari da Mai Bayarwa: Da yawa kamfanoni za su iya ƙera guntun photonic da ake buƙata? (misali, GlobalFoundries, TSMC, Tower Semiconductor tare da iyawar photonic). Babban taro = haɗarin sarkar samarwa.
• Samun damar Zane: Shin ƙirar guntu ta buɗe tushe ne (kamar ASICs na Bitcoin ba su kasance ba da farko) ko na mallaka? Wannan yana tasiri kai tsaye ga rarrabawa.

2. Samfurin Tsaron Tattalin Arziki:

• Lankwasa Rage Darajar CAPEX: Ƙirar raguwar darajar mai hakar photonic na shekaru 3-5. Lankwasa mafi santsi fiye da na'urorin lantarki zai iya haifar da hashrate mafi kwanciyar hankali.
• Simulation Farashin Kai: Lissafa farashin samun kashi 51% na hashrate na photonic na hanyar sadarwa. Kwatanta yanayin farashi (wanda lokutan samar da kayan aiki ke motsawa) da na Bitcoin (wanda farashin wutar lantarki na lokaci ke motsawa).

3. Ma'auni na Rarrabawa:

• Bibiyi rarraba yanki na nodes na hakar akan lokaci. Nasara zai nuna tarwatsewa cikin sauri fiye da hakar Bitcoin na farko.
• Kula da ma'aunin Gini na rarraba hashrate tsakanin tafkunan hakar.

9. Ayyukan Gaba & Taswirar Ci Gaba

Gajeren Lokaci (shekaru 1-2): Ƙarin gyara algorithm ɗin oPoW da buga cikakkun hujjojin tsaro. Haɓaka cikakkiyar hanyar sadarwar gwaji mai aiki, mai ma'auni ta amfani da samfurin kayan aiki. Manufa ga ƙwararrun ayyukan tsabar kuɗi masu kula da muhalli don fara turawa.

Matsakaicin Lokaci (shekaru 3-5): Idan hanyar sadarwar gwaji ta tabbatar da tsaro da inganci, sa ran ƙaddamar da sabuwar babbar hanyar sadarwar Layer 1 ta amfani da oPoW a matsayin hanyar haɗin kai. Yuwuwar haɗawa a matsayin matakin haɗin kai na biyu ko gefen igiya don manyan igiyoyin blockchain na yanzu (misali, gefen igiya na oPoW don Ethereum bayan haɗuwa). Fitar da keɓaɓɓen ayyukan masana'antar photonic don masu hakar.

Dogon Lokaci (shekaru 5+): Babban tasiri zai iya zama a cikin ba da damar aikace-aikacen blockchain waɗanda a halin yanzu ake ɗauka suna da yawan makamashi, kamar:

• Ma'amaloli na Kan Igiya Mai Yawan Mita: Haɗin kai mai ƙarancin farashi zai iya sa ƙananan ma'amaloli su zama masu amfani.
• IoT & Hanyoyin Sadarwar Na'ura Mai Auna Hankali: Na'urori masu ƙananan batura za su iya shiga cikin haɗin kai.
• Sararin Samaniya & Aikace-aikacen Nesa: Hakar a cikin yanayi inda makamashi ya yi ƙarancin amma ana iya jigilar kayan aiki.

Haɗuwar lissafin photonic don AI da blockchain na iya haifar da dandamali na kayan aiki masu iya duka fassarar koyon inji da shiga cikin haɗin kai.

10. Nassoshi

1. Dubrovsky, M., Ball, M., & Penkovsky, B. (2020). Aikin Tabbatar da Haske. arXiv preprint arXiv:1911.05193v2.
2. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki Tsakanin Mutane.
3. Dwork, C., & Naor, M. (1992). Farashi ta hanyar Sarrafawa ko Yaƙi da Wasikar Takarda. Ci gaban Cryptology — CRYPTO’ 92.
4. Back, A. (2002). Hashcash - Maganin Hana Sabis.
5. Lightmatter. (2023). Lissafin Photonic don AI. An samo daga https://lightmatter.co
6. Zhao, Y., et al. (2022). Silicon Photonics don Babban Aikin Lissafi: Bita. IEEE Journal of Zaɓaɓɓun Batutuwa na Lantarki na Quantum.
7. Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index (CBECI). (2023). Jami'ar Cambridge.