1. Gabatarwa
Cibiyoyin sadarwar kudi na dijital na jama'a kamar Bitcoin sun dogara ne akan littafin lissafi maras tsakiya. Babban kalubale shi ne cimma yarjejeniya ba tare da wata hukuma ta tsakiya ba yayin da ake hana hare-haren Sybil da kashe kuɗi sau biyu. Maganin da Bitcoin ta gabatar shi ne haɗa Aikin Tabbatarwa (PoW) irin na Hashcash, wanda ke sanya farashin tattalin arziki mai iya tabbatarwa ga mahalarta (masu haƙa ma'adinai) don tsare hanyar sadarwa da rarraba sababbin kuɗaɗe.
1.1 Aikin Tabbatarwa (PoW) a cikin Tsarin Blockchains
Aikin Tabbatarwa, wanda Dwork da Naor suka fara gabatarwa a shekara ta 1992, ya ƙunshi warware wata maƙalar sirri (cryptopuzzle) wacce ke buƙatar ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙididdiga amma ba ta da wuyar tabbatarwa. A cikin blockchain, wannan "aikin" yana kiyaye hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sanya ba zai yiwu ba ga mai kai hari ya sake rubuta tarihin ma'amala bisa dalilin tattalin arziki.
2. Matsalar Aikin Tabbatarwa na Al'ada (PoW)
Babban farashin hakar ma'adinai na tushen Hashcash (kamar SHA256 na Bitcoin) shine wutar lantarki (Kudin Aiki - OPEX). Wannan ya haifar da:
- Matsalolin Haɓakawa: Yawan amfani da makamashi yana iyakance haɓakar hanyar sadarwa.
- Damuwa game da Muhalli: Babban tasirin carbon.
- Haɗarin Tari da Tsakiya: Hakar ma'adinai yana taruwa a yankuna masu arha wutar lantarki, yana haifar da raunin yanki ɗaya kawai kuma yana rage juriyar tsangwama.
- Hankali ga Canjin Farashin Kuɗi: Ƙarfin haɓaka (Hashrate) yana da matuƙar hankali ga farashin kuɗin dijital, saboda masu haƙa ma'adinai suna rufewa lokacin da farashin aiki ya wuce lada.
3. Manufar Aikin Tabbatarwa ta Hanyar Haske (oPoW)
Marubutan sun ba da shawarar oPoW a matsayin wani sabon algorithm wanda ke canza babban farashin hakar ma'adinai daga wutar lantarki (OPEX) zuwa kayan aiki na musamman (Kudin Jari - CAPEX). Babban fahimta shine cewa tsaron Aikin Tabbatarwa yana buƙatar farashin tattalin arziki, amma wannan farashin ba lallai ba ne ya zama makamashi ne da farko.
3.1 Bayyani Game da Algorithm
An tsara oPoW a matsayin ƙaramin gyara ga tsare-tsare masu kama da Hashcash. Ya riƙe tsarin neman nonce kamar yadda $\text{H}(\text{block header} || \text{nonce}) < \text{target}$, amma yana inganta ƙididdiga don wani takamaiman tsarin kayan aiki: fasahar haske ta siliki. An daidaita algorithm ɗin ta yadda yin aikin yadda ya kamata yana buƙatar na'urar haɗin-gwiwa ta haske, wanda ke sa kayan aiki na gabaɗaya (kamar ASICs ko GPUs) su zama marasa gasa bisa dalilin tattalin arziki.
3.2 Kayan Aiki: Na'urorin Haɗin-gwiwa na Haske na Siliki
Algorithm ɗin yana amfani da ci gaban da aka samu a fannin fasahar haske ta siliki—da'irori masu haɗaka waɗanda ke amfani da photons (haske) maimakon electrons don ƙididdiga. Waɗannan na'urorin haɗin-gwiwa, waɗanda aka fara sayar da su kwanan nan don ƙananan makamashi na zurfin koyo, suna ba da mafi kyawun ingancin makamashi na oda-oda don takamaiman ayyukan algebra na layi. An tsara maƙalar sirri (cryptopuzzle) na oPoW don yin taswira yadda ya kamata akan waɗannan ayyukan haske.
4. Fa'idodi da Tasirin da Zai Yiwu
- Ceton Makamashi: Yana rage yawan amfani da wutar lantarki na hakar ma'adinai sosai.
- Ingantacciyar Rarraba Tsakiya: Hakar ma'adinai ba ya daure da ƙananan farashin wutar lantarki, yana ba da damar yada yanki da ƙara juriyar tsangwama.
- Ƙarfafa Kwanciyar Hanyar Sadarwa: Tare da CAPEX ya mamaye, ƙarfin haɓaka (hashrate) zai zama ƙasa da hankali ga sauye-sauyen farashin tsabar kuɗi na ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda zai haifar da mafi kwanciyar hankali na kasafin tsaro.
- Bayarwa ta Dimokuradiyya: Ƙananan farashin da ke ci gaba zai iya rage shingen shiga ga ƙananan masu haƙa ma'adinai.
5. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tushen Lissafi
Takardar tana nuna cewa oPoW ya dogara ne akan matsalolin ƙididdiga waɗanda suke da sauri a kan kayan aikin haske. Wani ɗan takara mai yuwuwa ya ƙunshi ayyukan matrix na maimaitawa ko canje-canjen haske waɗanda ke da wuyar kwaikwayi yadda ya kamata akan kayan aikin lantarki. Tabbatarwar ta kasance mai sauƙi, kamar bincika hash na daidaitaccen tsari: $\text{Verify}(\text{solution}) = \text{true}$ idan $\text{H}_{\text{oPoW}}(\text{challenge}, \text{solution})$ ya cika ka'idojin da aka yi niyya. An gina aikin $\text{H}_{\text{oPoW}}$ don a ƙididdige shi mafi inganci akan tsarin systolic na haske ko ragar interferometric.
6. Samfuri & Sakamakon Gwaji
Takardar tana nuni ga samfuri (Hoto na 1). Duk da yake ba a bayyana takamaiman ma'auni na aiki ba a cikin abin da aka samo, ma'anar ita ce, guntu na haske na siliki zai iya ƙididdige aikin oPoW. Babban da'awar gwaji ita ce nuna daidaiton aiki da babbar fa'idar aiki-a-kowace-watt akan ASICs na lantarki don ƙididdigar da aka keɓe. Sakamakon zai nufin nuna cewa makamashin kowane hash ya ragu sosai, yana tabbatar da babban jigon canza farashi daga OPEX zuwa CAPEX.
Bayanin Ginshiƙi (An fahimta): Taswirar ginshiƙi da ke kwatanta Makamashi kowane Hash (Joules) don ASICs na SHA256 da Na'urar Sarrafa Haske ta oPoW. Ginshiƙin oPoW zai kasance gajere da oda-oda, yana jaddada fa'idar ingancin makamashi a zahiri.
7. Tsarin Bincike: Nazarin Lamari Ba tare da Code ba
Lamari: Kimanta Shawarar Fork zuwa oPoW. Mai binciken da ke kimanta kuɗin dijital da ke la'akari da fork na oPoW zai bincika:
- Canjin Tattalin Arziki: Ƙirƙirar sabon tsarin tattalin arzikin mai haƙa ma'adinai. Menene CAPEX na mai haƙa ma'adinai na haske? Menene tsawon rayuwarsa da ƙimar saura? Ta yaya ribar ta kwatanta da hakar ma'adinai na al'ada a cikin zagayowar farashin tsabar kuɗi?
- Canjin Tsaro: Bincika lokacin canjin ƙarfin haɓaka (hashrate). Shin hanyar sadarwa za ta kasance cikin haɗari yayin canzawa daga masu haƙa ma'adinai na lantarki zuwa na haske? Ta yaya aka daidaita algorithm ɗin wahala?
- Sarkar Wadata & Masana'antu: Kimanta haɗarin tari da tsakiya a cikin kera guntu na haske (misali, dogaro da wasu ƴan masana'antun semiconductor). Shin kayan aikin sun isa su zama kayayyaki?
- Ƙaƙƙarfan Algorithm: Kimanta ko algorithm ɗin oPoW ya keɓance sosai har ba za a iya gyara shi cikin sauƙi ba idan an sami rauni, sabanin ayyukan hash na sirri waɗanda ke da bincike mai faɗi.
8. Ayyukan Gaba & Taswirar Ci Gaba
- Sabbin Kuɗaɗen Dijital: Babban aikace-aikacen yana cikin ƙira na sabbin hanyoyin sadarwar blockchain masu dorewa na makamashi.
- Rassan Tsarin da Aka Kafa: Yuwuwar tsabar kuɗaɗen da aka kafa (misali, rassan Bitcoin) su karɓi oPoW don magance sukar muhalli.
- Tsare-tsaren Haɗin-gwiwa na PoW: Haɗa oPoW tare da wasu hanyoyin (misali, abubuwan Proof-of-Stake) don tsaro mai yawa.
- Juyin Halittar Kayan Aiki: Yana haifar da Bincike & Ci Gaba a cikin dandamali na na'urorin haɗin-gwiwa na haske masu sauƙi, daidaitattun, kama da juyin halittar GPU da ASIC a cikin hakar ma'adinai na al'ada.
- Garkuwar Kayan Kare Muhalli na Tsarin Mulki: Zai iya zama babbar fasaha don kuɗaɗen dijital su bi ko kuma su riga su yi dokoki masu mayar da hankali kan makamashi.
9. Nassoshi
- Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Peer-to-Peer.
- Back, A. (2002). Hashcash - Maganin Hana Sabis.
- Dwork, C., & Naor, M. (1992). Farashi ta hanyar Sarrafawa ko Yaƙi da Wasikar Takarda. CRYPTO '92.
- Miller, D. A. B. (2017). Attojoule Optoelectronics don Ƙananan Makamashi na Sarrafa Bayanai da Sadarwa. Journal of Lightwave Technology.
- Zhu, X., et al. (2022). Sarrafa Matrix na Haske don Koyon Injin. Nature Photonics.
10. Ra'ayin Mai Bincike
Babban Fahimta: oPoW ba kawai gyara inganci ba ne; yana da tushen sake gina tsaron tattalin arzikin sirri. Marubutan sun gano daidai cewa tsaron Aikin Tabbatarwa yana da tushe a cikin farashin tattalin arziki, ba farashin makamashi ba. Ƙoƙarinsu na raba su biyu ta hanyar kafa farashi a cikin keɓaɓɓen CAPEX na haske hanya ce mai ƙarfi kuma wajibi don dorewar blockchains marasa izini. Yana kai hari kai tsaye ga babban abin da ke damun jama'a da haɓaka kuɗaɗen dijital kamar Bitcoin.
Tsarin Ma'ana: Hujjar tana da ban sha'awa: 1) Dogaron Aikin Tabbatarwa na al'ada akan makamashi lahani ne mai mutuwa ga yawan karɓa. 2) Tsarin tsaro na asali farashin tattalin arziki ne, ba joules ba. 3) Fasahar haske ta siliki tana ba da hanyar samun babban ribar inganci don takamaiman ƙididdiga. 4) Don haka, ƙirƙiri algorithm na Aikin Tabbatarwa wanda ya fi dacewa da haske. Ma'ana tana da inganci, amma shaidan yana cikin cikakkun bayanai na fasaha da tattalin arziki waɗanda ba a cika bayyana su ba a cikin taƙaitaccen bayani.
Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfinsa shine tsarinsa na hangen nesa ga wata matsala mai mahimmanci, wanda ke goyon bayan wani yanayi na kayan aiki na zahiri (fasahar haske ta siliki don AI). Yana da yuwuwar canza taswirar siyasa ta hakar ma'adinai. Kurakurai suna da mahimmanci: Na farko, yana haɗarin maye gurbin tari da tsakiya na makamashi da masana'antar kera kayan aiki. Kera ingantattun ICs na haske a zahiri ya fi tari da tsakiya fiye da nemo arha wutar lantarki. Wanene ke sarrafa masana'antar? Na biyu, yana haifar da raunin algorithm. SHA256 an gwada shi da yaƙi. Wani sabon algorithm, wanda aka daidaita shi da kayan aiki, ƙaramin filin kai hari ne wanda zai iya ɗaukar raunin da ba a sani ba, wata damuwa da aka sake maimaitawa a cikin ƙungiyar tsaro mai faɗi lokacin kimanta sabbin hanyoyin sirri. Na uku, tsarin tattalin arziki bai gwada ba. Shin hakar ma'adinai mai nauyin CAPEX da gaske zai zama mafi rarraba tsakiya da kwanciyar hankali, ko kuma zai fifita wani nau'in ƙungiya mai arziƙin jari?
Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu saka hannun jari da masu haɓakawa, wannan hanya ce ta bincike mai haɗari mai yawa, riba mai yawa. Kula da masana'antar haske sosai—kamfanoni kamar Lightmatter, Luminous, ko sashin Fasahar Haske na Siliki na Intel. Ci gabansu a cikin sanya ƙididdigar haske zama kayayyaki alama ce ta gaba don yuwuwar oPoW. Bincika cikakken bayanin fasaha na farko na algorithm na oPoW don ingancin sa na sirri da juriyar kwaikwayo akan kayan aikin lantarki. Ga ayyukan da suka wanzu, yi la'akari da tsarin haɗin gwiwa a matsayin mataki na canji. A ƙarshe, wannan binciken ya kamata ya haifar da irin wannan ƙirƙira: idan manufar ita ce tsaro na tushen CAPEX, waɗanne wasu tsare-tsaren kayan aiki (misali, ƙididdigar analog, tsararrun memristor) za a iya amfani da su? Dole ne fannin ya bincika hanyoyi da yawa bayan haske don guje wa musanya dogaro ɗaya da wani.