Aiki na Nuna Aiki tare da Zabe na DAG da Rage Ladan da aka Yi niyya: Binciken Tsaro

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan takarda ta gabatar da sabon tsarin kuɗin dijital na Nuna Aiki (PoW) wanda ke magance matsaloli masu mahimmanci a cikin Bitcoin da haɓakawar da aka tsara kwanan nan, Tailstorm. Babban ƙirƙira ya ta'allaka ne a haɗa Yarjejeniyar Aiki na Nuna Aiki (PPoW) tare da zaɓe masu tsarin DAG da sabon tsarin Rage Ladan da aka Yi Niyya. Tsarin yana nufin samar da mafi girman tabbacin daidaito, mafi girman ƙarfin aiki na ma'amaloli, ƙananan jinkirin tabbatarwa, da ingantacciyar juriya ga hare-hare masu ma'ana idan aka kwatanta da tsarin da suke akwai.

Aikin ya samo asali ne daga dogaro da juna a cikin kuɗin dijital na PoW tsakanin algorithms na yarjejeniya da tsare-tsaren ƙarfafawa. Yayin da tsaron Bitcoin ya fahimta sosai, yawancin sabbin tsare-tsare ba su da cikakken bincike na duka daidaito da ƙarfafawa. Tailstorm ya inganta kan Bitcoin ta amfani da PPoW tare da zaɓe masu tsarin bishiya da rage ladan iri ɗaya. Wannan takarda ta gano manyan gazawa guda biyu a cikin Tailstorm: (1) tsarin bishiya ya bar wasu zaɓe (da ma'amalolinsu) ba a tabbatar da su a kowane toshe ba, kuma (2) hukunci iri ɗaya yana azabtar da masu haƙo ma'adinai na gaskiya ba da adalci ba saboda jinkiri da wasu suka haifar. Shawarar da aka ba da shawara ta tushen DAG tana kaiwa hari kai tsaye ga waɗannan kurakurai.

2. Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin

2.1 Tushen Aiki na Nuna Aiki (PPoW)

Aiki na Nuna Aiki shine tsarin yarjejeniya wanda ke buƙatar adadin da za a iya saita $k$ na "zaɓe" na PoW (ko tubalan) da za a haƙa kafin a iya ƙara babban toshe na gaba zuwa sarkar. Wannan ya bambanta da samfurin sarkar guda ɗaya na Bitcoin. Kowane zaɓe yana ɗauke da ma'amaloli. Wannan tsarin yana ba da tabbacin daidaito mai ƙarfi a zahiri; misali, tare da zato na cibiyar sadarwa na zahiri, tabbatar da mintuna 10 a cikin PPoW na iya samun yuwuwar gazawar kashe kuɗi sau biyu ~50 mafi ƙasa fiye da Bitcoin.

2.2 Daga Bishiya zuwa DAG: Tsarin Zabe

Tailstorm ya tsara zaɓe $k$ a cikin zagaye mai kama da juna a matsayin bishiya. Tsarin da aka tsara ya maye gurbin bishiyar da Zane mai Jagora mara Zagayawa (DAG). A cikin bishiya, mai haƙo ma'adinai dole ne ya zaɓi zaɓen iyaye guda ɗaya don faɗaɗa, yana ƙirƙira rassan. A cikin DAG, sabon zaɓe na iya komawa zuwa da yawa zaɓe na baya a matsayin iyaye, muddin ba su haifar da zagayawa ba. Wannan yana ba da damar ƙarin zaɓe su tabbata a cikin zagaye ɗaya, yana rage jinkiri ga mafi girman kaso na ma'amaloli da inganta ƙarfin aiki gaba ɗaya.

2.3 Tsarin Rage Ladan da aka Yi Niyya

Tailstorm ya rage ladan haƙo ma'adinai iri ɗaya bisa zurfin bishiyar zaɓe, yana azabtar da duk masu haƙo ma'adinai a cikin zagaye saboda zurfin bishiyoyi (alamar matsalolin cibiyar sadarwa ko hare-hare). Sabon tsarin yana aiwatar da ragewa da aka yi niyya. Ladan zaɓen mai haƙo ma'adinai ana rage shi bisa ga rashin nassoshi na musamman a cikin tsarinsa na DAG. Zaɓen da ya kasa komawa zuwa wasu zaɓe da ake da su (yana ƙara "rashin layi") yana samun hukunci mafi girma. Wannan yana azabtar da mai haƙo ma'adinai (s) da ke da alhakin rashin haɗin kai ko ɓoyewa mara kyau, maimakon gaba ɗaya.

3. Binciken Tsaro & Ƙarfafawa

3.1 Samfurin Barazana & Hanyoyin Kai Hari

Binciken yana la'akari da masu haƙo ma'adinai masu ma'ana waɗanda ke motsa su don haɓaka riba. Manyan hanyoyin kai hari sun haɗa da haƙo ma'adinai na son kai, ɓoyayyun tubalan, da amfani da jinkirin cibiyar sadarwa don haifar da rashin layi da satar lada daga masu haƙo ma'adinai na gaskiya. Takardar ta lura da wani bincike mai mahimmanci: PPoW ba tare da rage ladan ba zai iya zama ƙasa da juriya ga hare-haren ƙarfafawa fiye da Bitcoin a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayin cibiyar sadarwa, yana nuna wajibcin tsarin ƙarfafawa da aka ƙera da kyau.

3.2 Binciken Hari ta hanyar Koyo mai Ƙarfafawa

Don kimanta juriyar hari sosai, marubutan sun yi amfani da wakilai na Koyo mai Ƙarfafawa (RL) don neman dabarun kai hari mafi kyau a kan tsarin. Muhallin RL yana kwaikwayon tsarin haƙo ma'adinai, jinkirin cibiyar sadarwa, da ƙa'idodin lada na tsarin. Wakilai suna koyon manufofi don haɓaka rabon ladansu. Wannan hanyar, wacce aka yi wahayi daga hanyoyin a cikin nazarin tsarin ML na maƙiya kamar waɗanda aka tattauna a cikin binciken OpenAI kan gasa ta wakilai da yawa, tana ba da hanya mafi ƙarfi da sarrafa kai don gano hanyoyin kai hari masu zurfi idan aka kwatanta da bincike na hannu.

3.3 Kwatancen Juriyar: Bitcoin vs. Tailstorm vs. DAG-PPoW

Binciken kai hari na tushen RL ya nuna cewa DAG-PPoW da aka tsara tare da ragewa da aka yi niyya yana da juriya fiye da duka Bitcoin da Tailstorm. Ragewa da aka yi niyya ya sa ba ya da riba ga maharan su haifar da rashin layi da gangan, saboda su ne ke ɗaukar nauyin hukuncin. Tsarin DAG kuma yana rage damar irin waɗannan hare-haren ta hanyar ba da damar ƙarin nassoshi a kowane zaɓe.

Mahimmin Binciken Tsaro

Kofa na Ribar Hari: Hashrate da ake buƙata don hari mai ƙarfafawa mai riba ya fi girma sosai a cikin DAG-PPoW tare da ragewa da aka yi niyya idan aka kwatanta da ragewa iri ɗaya na Tailstorm da tushen PPoW.

4. Kimanta Aiki

4.1 Daidaito & Tabbatar da Ƙarshe

Ta hanyar buƙatar zaɓe $k$ a kowane toshe, PPoW yana ba da ƙarshe mai yuwuwa tare da aikin lalacewar tsaro mai zurfi fiye da Bitcoin. Yuwuwar nasarar kashe kuɗi sau biyu bayan tabbatar da $n$ yana raguwa kusan kamar $O(exp(-k \cdot n))$ idan aka kwatanta da $O(exp(-n))$ na Bitcoin, ƙarƙashin irin wannan zato na rinjaye na gaskiya.

4.2 Haɓaka Ƙarfin Aiki & Jinkiri

Ƙarfin aiki yana ƙaruwa a layi daya tare da adadin zaɓe $k$, kamar yadda kowane zaɓe ke ɗauke da cikakken toshe na ma'amaloli. An rage jinkiri saboda ma'amaloli a farkon zaɓe na DAG za a iya tabbatar da su ta hanyar zaɓe na gaba a cikin zagaye ɗaya, ba kamar a cikin bishiya inda wasu rassan dole ne su jira toshe na gaba ba.

4.3 Sakamakon Gwaji & Bayanin Ginshiƙi

Sakamakon Kwaikwayo (Ra'ayi): Babban ginshiƙi zai zana "Yuwuwar Gazawar Kashe Kuɗi Sau Biyu vs. Lokacin Tabbatarwa" don Bitcoin, Tailstorm, da DAG-PPoW. Lanƙwan DAG-PPoW zai faɗi da sauri, yana nuna mafi girman daidaito. Wani ginshiƙi zai nuna "Kudaden Shiga na Mahara vs. Hashrate na Mahara" don tsare-tsare guda uku a ƙarƙashin takamaiman samfurin jinkirin cibiyar sadarwa. Lanƙwan DAG-PPoW zai kasance ƙasa da layin daidaita (y=1) don mafi faɗin kewayon hashrate na mahara, yana nuna juriya mafi girma.

Fitowar Binciken Hari na RL: Sakamakon zai nuna manufar da wakilin RL ya koya yana jujjuya zuwa dabarar "babu-hari" don DAG-PPoW a ƙarƙashin yanayi mafi faɗi, yayin da yake samun saɓani masu riba don Tailstorm da tushen PPoW.

5. Cikakkun Bayanai na Aiwarta Fasaha

5.1 Tsarin Lissafi

Ana iya tsara rage ladan da aka yi niyya. Bari $V_i$ ya zama zaɓe a cikin zagaye. Bari $R_{base}$ ya zama ladan tushe. Bari $P(V_i)$ ya zama saitin zaɓe waɗanda aka ga a bainar jama'a kuma suna da inganci don $V_i$ ya koma amma ba a koma zuwa gare su ba. Factor ragewa $d_i$ don $V_i$ zai iya zama:

$d_i = 1 - \alpha \cdot \frac{|P(V_i)|}{N_{visible}}$

inda $\alpha$ shine sigar tsarin (0 < $\alpha$ ≤ 1) da ke sarrafa tsananin hukunci, kuma $N_{visible}$ shine jimillar adadin zaɓe masu bayyane da zai iya komawa gare su. Ladan ƙarshe shine $R_i = R_{base} \cdot d_i$. Wannan yana haifar da rashin ƙarfafa tattalin arziki kai tsaye ga ɓoyayyun nassoshi.

5.2 Gina DAG & Tabbatarwa

Lokacin ƙirƙirar zaɓe, mai haƙo ma'adinai ya haɗa da hashes na duk ingantattun zaɓe daga zagaye na yanzu da ya karɓa ("iyayensa"), bisa ga iyaka mafi girma ko farashi kamar gas don hana spam. DAG na zagaye shine haɗin duk zaɓe da gefunan nassoshinsu. Tabbatarwa ya haɗa da duba PoW akan kowane zaɓe, tabbatar duk iyayen da aka ambata sun wanzu kuma suna da inganci, da tabbatar da cewa ba a haifar da zagayawa ba (dole ne a sami damar zaɓe na topological).

6. Misalin Tsarin Bincike

Yanayi: Kimanta tasirin rabuwar cibiyar sadarwa na 20%.

Aiwatar da Tsarin:

Samfuri: Rarraba masu haƙo ma'adinai zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu, A (80%) da B (20%), ba tare da sadarwa tsakanin su ba na zagaye ɗaya.
Bishiya (Tailstorm): Kowane rukuni yana haƙo zaɓe yana faɗaɗa zaɓe kawai da suke gani, yana ƙirƙira rassan zurfi daban-daban guda biyu. A ƙarshen zagaye, rage ladan ya shafi duka zaɓe bisa zurfin bishiyar zurfi, yana azabtar da ƙungiyoyin biyu daidai.
DAG (An tsara): A cikin kowane rabo, masu haƙo ma'adinai har yanzu suna iya komawa zuwa duk zaɓen da suke gani, suna ƙirƙira sub-DAGs daban-daban guda biyu. Lokacin da rabon ya warke, ana ƙididdige ragi a kowane zaɓe. Zaɓe a tsakiyar kowane sub-DAG (waɗanda suka koma zuwa takwarorinsu) suna samun hukunci mafi ƙanƙanta. Zaɓe kawai a gefuna na ɗan lokaci na kowane rabo, waɗanda suka kasa komawa zuwa zaɓe daga ɗayan gefen waɗanda a zahiri "bayyane" ne kawai bayan rabon ya warke (batu mai zurfi), na iya samun hukunci na ɓangare. Hukuncin ya yi niyya ga zaɓen da rabon ya fi shafa, ba ga gaba ɗaya ba.

Wannan yanayin yana nuna yadda ragewa da aka yi niyya ya fi dacewa wajen rarraba laifi/hukunci ga matsalolin cibiyar sadarwa.

7. Ra'ayi na Mai Bincike mai mahimmanci

Fahimta ta Asali: Wannan takarda ba wani ƙarin gyara ne kawai ba; yana da tiyata a kan Achilles' heel na PoW mai ƙarfin aiki: madauki na ƙarfafawa-yarjejeniya. Marubutan sun gano daidai cewa haɓaka ƙarfin aiki tare da kama da juna (PPoW) ba da gangan ba yana haifar da sabbin, mafi zurfin filayen kai hari ga masu haƙo ma'adinai masu ma'ana. Fahimtarsu mai mahimmanci—cewa hukunci iri ɗaya ba daidai ba ne kuma ba shi da tsaro—yana da zurfi. Yana maimaita darussan daga ƙirar tsari a cikin tattalin arziki: kayan aiki masu kaifi suna haifar da ƙarfafawa mara kyau. Matsi zuwa DAGs da hukunce-hukunce da aka yi niyya shine aikace-aikacen kai tsaye na hanyar "farashin-ka'idar" ga tsaron blockchain, yana sa maharan su shigar da farashin rushewar su.

Kwararar Ma'ana: Hujjar tana da gamsarwa. 1) Bitcoin yana da tsaro amma yana jinkiri. 2) PPoW (da Tailstorm) suna sa shi sauri amma suna raunana tsaron ƙarfafawa—ciniki da yawancin tsare-tsare suke wucewa. 3) Tushen dalili shine kuskuren hukunci a cikin tsarin ƙarfafawa. 4) Magani: inganta tsarin bayanai (DAG) don ba da damar auna laifi mai sauƙi (wa ya kasa komawa wa), sannan a haɗa hukunci kai tsaye zuwa wannan ma'auni. Amfani da RL don binciken hari shine babban nasara, yana motsawa bayan da'awar tsaro na hannu zuwa gwajin maƙiya da aka nuna, sarrafa kansa. Wannan hanyar yakamata ta zama ma'auni na zinariya, kamar yadda aka ba da shawarar gwajin maƙiya mai ƙarfi don tsarin AI a cikin takardu daga arXiv (misali, kimanta ƙarfi don hanyoyin sadarwar jijiya).

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai:

Ƙarfi: Haɗin samfurin ka'idar bayyana (DAG + ragewa da aka yi niyya) tare da tabbatarwa ta hanyar gwaji ta RL na musamman. Gano cewa vanilla PPoW zai iya zama ƙasa da tsaro fiye da Bitcoin shine gargaɗi mai mahimmanci ga fagen. Ƙirar tsarin yana da kyau kuma yana magance kurakuran da aka ambata kai tsaye.
Kurakurai & Tambayoyin Budadde: Aikin takardar ya dogara ne akan fahimtar daidai, kan lokaci na zaɓe "bayyane" don ƙididdige ragi—matsala mara ban sha'awa a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa marasa lokaci ɗaya. Yana haɗarin ƙirƙirar "harajin sa ido kan cibiyar sadarwa" inda masu haƙo ma'adinai dole ne su yi ta zage-zage don tabbatar da cewa sun ga zaɓe. Binciken RL, duk da yake yana da ƙarfi, yana da kyau kamar yadda samfurin muhallinsa yake; yanayin cibiyar sadarwa na zahiri yana da rikitarwa. Bugu da ƙari, tsarin ya ƙara rikitarwa ga software na abokin ciniki da dabaru na tabbatarwa, wanda zai iya hana karɓa.

Fahimta mai Aiki: Ga masu bincike: Karɓi binciken hari na tushen RL a matsayin kayan aiki na yau da kullun don kimanta sabbin tsare-tsaren yarjejeniya. Ga masu haɓakawa: Lokacin ƙirƙirar kowane maganin sikelin, da farko ƙirƙira sabbin hanyoyin kai hari na ƙarfafawa da yake haifarwa. Ga masu saka hannun jari/masu kimanta aikin: Bincika kowane tsarin da ke da'awar ƙarfin aiki mai girma don irin wannan bincike mai ƙarfi na ƙarfafawa. Tutar ja ita ce takarda wacce kawai ta tattauna TPS da ƙarshe ba tare da keɓantaccen sashe kan dacewar ƙarfafawa a ƙarƙashin wahalar cibiyar sadarwa ba. Wannan aikin ya kafa sabon ma'auni.

8. Ayyuka na Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike

Tsare-tsaren Yarjejeniya na Hybrid: Tsarin zaɓe na tushen DAG da tsarin hukunci da aka yi niyya za a iya daidaita shi zuwa tsarin kwamiti ko Nuna Hannun jari (PoS) inda masu tabbatarwa ke samar da zaɓe. Yana ba da hanyar azabtar da masu tabbatarwa don gazawar rayuwa ko tantancewa daidai fiye da yankan kawai.
Samun Bayanai na Samfurin: A cikin gine-ginen blockchain na zamani kamar danksharding na Ethereum, ana iya amfani da ra'ayin hukunci da aka yi niyya don rashin haɗin kai ga nodes waɗanda suka kasa samar da samfuran bayanai, yana inganta tsaron tabbacin samun bayanai.
Sadarwar Tsakanin Sarka: DAG na shaidu daga sarkoki daban-daban, tare da rage ladan don shaidun da suka yi watsi da bayanan da ake da su daga wasu, zai iya inganta tsaro da jinkirin gadoji tsakanin sarkoki.
Hanyoyin Bincike: 1) Tabbatar da ingantattun kaddarorin tsaron ƙarfafawa. 2) Binciko ayyukan ragewa daban-daban (misali, marasa layi). 3) Haɗawa tare da yanayin mempool da kasuwannin kuɗin ma'amala a cikin yanayin toshe mai kama da juna. 4) Aiwarta da gwaji na zahiri akan cibiyar gwaji don tabbatar da sakamakon ka'idar da kwaikwayo a ƙarƙashin yanayin cibiyar sadarwa na gaskiya.

9. Nassoshi

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Nassoshi na Tailstorm: [Marubuta]. (Shekara). Tailstorm: [Subtayal]. A cikin [Taro]. (Nassoshi da aka yi samfurin akan ambaton Tailstorm na PDF [12]).
Nassoshi na Aiki na Nuna Aiki: [Marubuta]. (Shekara). Aiki na Nuna Aiki. A cikin [Taro]. (Nassoshi da aka yi samfurin akan ambaton PPoW na PDF [13]).
OpenAI. (2019). Gasa da Wasa da Kai. OpenAI Blog. [Tushen waje don hanyar bincike ta RL ta wakilai da yawa].
Goodfellow, I., et al. (2014). Nets na Maƙiya. NeurIPS. [Tushen waje don ra'ayoyin horo na maƙiya].
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