Bincike Kan Nauyin Ajiya A Cikin Tsarin Blockchains Na Proof-of-Work

1. Gabatarwa

Blockchains marasa izini, waɗanda Bitcoin da Ethereum suka zama misali, sun kawo juyin juya hali a tsarin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu amma suna fuskantar ƙalubale masu mahimmanci na haɓakawa. Yayin da amfani da makamashi na yarjejeniyar Proof-of-Work (PoW) aka yi muhawara sosai, batun da yake da mahimmanci iri ɗaya na nauyin ajiya bai sami kulawa sosai ba. Wannan takarda ta gabatar da wani bincike na zahiri na farko wanda ke nazarin yadda cikakkun nodes na blockchain ke amfani da bayanan littafin rajista don tabbatarwa. Babban binciken shine cewa ta hanyar dabarun bangaren abokin ciniki na hankali, ana iya rage girman ajiya sosai—wataƙila zuwa kusan GB 15 don Bitcoin—ba tare da buƙatar yin kowane canji ga ainihin tsarin yarjejeniyar blockchain ba, don haka rage matsalar shiga don gudanar da cikakkun nodes.

2. Bayanin Matsala & Bayanan Baya

2.1 Nauyin Ajiya na Blockchains Marasa Izini

Tsaro da amincin blockchains kamar Bitcoin sun dogara ne akan cikakken littafin rajista wanda ba za a iya canzawa ba. Yayin da amfani ya karu, girman littafin rajista ma yana karuwa. A lokacin binciken, girman littafin rajista na Bitcoin ya wuce GB 370. Wannan babban buƙatun ajiya shine babban abin hana masu amfani da ke son gudanar da cikakkun nodes, wanda ke haifar da haɗarin tsakiyanci yayin da ƙungiyoyi kaɗan ne za su iya ɗaukar nauyin kiyaye cikakken tarihi.

Mahimman Ƙididdiga na Ajiya

Girman Littafin Rajista na Bitcoin: >370 GB

Manufar Ragewa (An Shawarta): ~15 GB

Yuwuwar Ragewa: ~96%

2.2 Dabarun Ragewa Na Yanzu Da Gazawarsu

Maganganun da suka gabata sau da yawa sun haɗa da canje-canje a matakin yarjejeniya, kamar yin alama ko raba sassa, waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙaƙƙarfan cokali mai yatsu da yarjejeniyar al'umma. Bitcoin Core yana ba da zaɓi na yanke, amma ba shi da jagora mai hankali—dole ne masu amfani su zaɓi ƙa'idar riƙewa (a cikin GB ko tsayin block) ba tare da wani dalili ba, suna haɗarin share bayanan da har yanzu ake buƙata don tabbatar da Abubuwan Fitar da Ma'amalar da ba a kashe ba (UTXOs).

3. Hanyoyin Bincike & Nazari Na Zahiri

3.1 Tattara Bayanai da Tsarin Aunawa

Binciken ya yi amfani da cikakkiyar hanyar aunawa ta zahiri, yana nazarin blockchain na Bitcoin don fahimtar ainihin waɗanne abubuwan bayanai (ma'amaloli, tubalan, manyan kawunan) ake samun dama yayin ayyukan node na yau da kullun kamar tabbatar da tubalan da ma'amala.

3.2 Nazarin Tsarin Amfani Da Bayanan Cikakken Node

Nazarin ya nuna cewa babban yanki na littafin rajista na tarihi ba a cika samun damarsa ba bayan wani lokaci. Tabbatarwa da farko ya dogara ne akan:

Saitin UTXO na yanzu.
Manyan kawunan tubalan na kwanan nan don tabbatar da aikin yi.
Wani yanki na ma'amalolin tarihi waɗanda sababbi suka ambata.

Wannan fahimtar ita ce tushen yanke mai hankali.

4. Shawarar Rage Ajiya Daga Bangaren Abokin Ciniki

4.1 Dabarun Yanke Ajiya Na Gida

Dabarar da aka ba da shawara ita ce inganta bangaren abokin ciniki. Cikakken node na iya share ainihin bayanan tsofaffin tubalan cikin aminci yayin da yake riƙe alkawuran sirri (kamar manyan kawunan tubalan da tushen Merkle) da saitin UTXO na yanzu. Idan an buƙaci ma'amalar da aka share daga baya (misali, don tabbatar da sake tsara sarkar), node na iya samo ta daga hanyar sadarwar abokan aiki.

4.2 Ingancin Tsarin Riƙe Bayanai

Maimakon yanke mai sauƙi bisa shekaru ko girma, tsarin yana amfani da nazarin yawan samun dama da dogaro. Yana riƙe bayanai bisa ga yuwuwar buƙatarsu don tabbatarwa a nan gaba, yana rage buƙatun ajiya na gida sosai yayin da yake kiyaye ikon node na tabbatar da sarkar gaba ɗaya.

5. Sakamako & Kimanta Aiki

5.1 Rage Girman Ajiya

Kimantawar zahiri ta nuna cewa cikakken node na Bitcoin zai iya rage girman ajiyarsa na gida zuwa kusan GB 15, ragin kusan 96% daga cikakken littafin rajista mai GB 370+. Wannan ya haɗa da matattarar saitin UTXO da manyan kawunan tubalan na kwanan nan.

Hoto: Kwatanta Girman Ajiya

Bayani: Ginshiƙi mai kwatanta "Ajiyar Cikakken Node (370 GB)" da "Ajiyar Node Mai Ingantawa (15 GB)". Ginshiƙin node mai ingantawa ya fi guntu sosai, yana jaddada ragin 96% a zahiri. An raba ajiyar da aka inganta don nuna rabon da ake amfani da shi don saitin UTXO, manyan kawunan kwanan nan, da ƙaramin ma'ajin bayanan tarihi da ake samun dama akai-akai.

5.2 Nauyin Lissafi da Sadarwa

Musanyar rage ajiya ita ce yuwuwar ƙara buƙatun hanyar sadarwa lokacin da ake buƙatar bayanan tarihi. Duk da haka, binciken ya gano cewa wannan nauyin ba shi da mahimmanci a ƙarƙashin aiki na yau da kullun, saboda buƙatun da ake buƙata ba sa yawa kuma ana samun bayanan daga wasu abokan hanyar sadarwa.

6. Cikakkun Bayanai Na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Tushen ingantawa ya dogara ne akan fahimtar taswirorin dogaro na ma'amala. Bari $G = (V, E)$ ya zama jadawali mai jagora mara zagaye inda maki $V$ ke wakiltar ma'amaloli kuma gefen $(u, v) \in E$ yana wanzuwa idan ma'amala $v$ ta kashe fitarwar da ma'amala $u$ ta ƙirƙira. Ana iya ƙirƙira "shekaru" da "haɗin kai" na ma'amala $t_i$. Yuwuwar $P_{access}(t_i)$ na buƙatar $t_i$ don tabbatar da sabon block yana raguwa akan lokaci kuma tare da nisansa daga saitin UTXO na yanzu.

Wata dabara mai sauƙi don riƙewa na iya zama: Riƙe bayanan ma'amala idan $age(t_i) < T_{age}$ KO kuma idan $t_i$ kakanni ne (a cikin $k$ hops) na kowane ma'amala a cikin tubalan $N$ na kwanan nan. Inda $T_{age}$, $k$, da $N$ sune sigogi da aka samo daga tsarin samun dama na zahiri.

7. Tsarin Nazari: Nazarin Shari'a

Yanayi: Wani sabon kamfani na farawa yana son gudanar da cikakken node na Bitcoin don binciken lissafin amma yana da ƙarancin kasafin ajiyar gajimare.

Aiwatar da Tsarin:

Bayanin Bayanai: Software ɗin node da farko yana gudana a yanayin lura, yana bayyana waɗanne tubalan da ma'amaloli ake samun dama a tsawon wata ɗaya.
Daidaituwar Tsari: Ta amfani da bayanan da aka bayyana, yana daidaita sigogi don dabara ta riƙewa (misali, ya saita $T_{age}$ zuwa watanni 3, $k=5$, $N=1000$).
Aiwar Yanke: Node din sai ya yanke duk bayanan block waɗanda ba su cika ka'idojin riƙewa ba, yana riƙe manyan kawunan tubalan kawai, saitin UTXO, da bayanan ma'amalar da suka cancanta.
Ci gaba da Aiki: A lokacin aiki na yau da kullun, idan an buƙaci ma'amalar da aka yanke, node yana samo ta daga abokan aiki biyu bazuwar kuma ya tabbatar da ita a kan tushen Merkle da aka adana kafin yin amfani da ita.

Sakamako: Kamfanin farawa yana kula da cikakken node mai tabbatarwa tare da ajiya < 20 GB, yana cimma burinsa na tsaro a ɗan ƙaramin farashi.

8. Ayyuka Na Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike

Ƙarfafa Tsaron Abokin Ciniki Mai Sauƙi: Dabarun daga wannan aikin za su iya ƙarfafa tsaron Abokan Ciniki na Tabbatar da Biyan Kuɗi Mai Sauƙi (SPV) ta ba su damar adana da tabbatar da ƙarin yanki mai dacewa na bayanai.
Ajiyar Tsakanin Blockchains: Haɓaka ingantattun ka'idojin ajiya na yau da kullun inda "nodes na ajiya" na musamman suke adana cikakken tarihi, kuma nodes na yau da kullun suna adana ingantattun rukunoni, suna samo bayanai bisa buƙata tare da hujjojin sirri.
Haɗawa tare da Layer-2: Inganta ajiya don nodes waɗanda kuma suke shiga cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na Layer-2 (misali, Hanyar Sadarwa ta Walƙiya), inda takamaiman bayanan tarihi suka fi dacewa akai-akai.
Koyon Injina don Yanke Hasashe: Yin amfani da samfuran ML don hasashe mafi kyau waɗanne bayanan tarihi za a buƙaci, ƙara inganta musayar ajiya/aiki.

9. Nassoshi

Sforzin, A., da sauransu. "Akan Nauyin Ajiya na Blockchains na Proof-of-Work." (Source PDF).
Nakamoto, S. "Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki Na Abokan Aiki." 2008.
Bitcoin Core Documentation. "Yanke." https://bitcoin.org/en/bitcoin-core/features/pruning.
Buterin, V. "Ethereum Whitepaper." 2014.
Gervais, A., da sauransu. "Akan Tsaro da Aiki na Proof of Work Blockchains." ACM CCS 2016.
Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA). "Cibiyoyin Bayanai da Hanyoyin Watsa Bayanai." 2022. (Don mahallin nauyin lissafi).

Ra'ayin Manazarcin: Rarrabuwa Ta Matakai Hudu

Babban Fahimta: Wannan takarda tana ba da mahimman fahimta, wanda aka yi watsi da shi sau da yawa: buƙatun ajiya na aiki don cikakken node na Bitcoin ba GB 370 ba ne, amma yana iya zama ƙasa har zuwa GB 15. Babban littafin rajista galibi ajiya ne mai sanyi, ba ƙwaƙwalwar aiki mai aiki ba. Wannan yana sake fasalin muhawarar haɓakawa daga "yaya za mu rage sarkar?" zuwa "yaya za mu sarrafa damar shiga ta cikin hankali?" Yana kama da fahimtar a cikin gine-ginen kwamfuta cewa ba duk bayanan da ke cikin RAM suna da zafi iri ɗaya ba; ma'ajiyar bayanai suna aiki. Marubutan sun gano daidai cewa tsaron blockchain da farko ya dogara ne akan amincin saitin UTXO da sarkar kawuna, ba ainihin bytes na kowane tsohon ma'amala ba. Wannan ya yi daidai da aikin tushe akan abokan ciniki marasa jiha da hujjojin Merkle, kamar yadda aka tattauna a dandalin bincike na Ethereum, amma yana amfani da shi cikin hikima ga Bitcoin na yau.

Kwararar Ma'ana: Hujjar tana da tsari kuma tana da ban sha'awa. Ta fara da ƙididdige matsalar (370 GB), tana sukar maganganun da suka gabata (yanke makafi), sannan ta gina hujjarta akan shaida ta zahiri—ma'aunin zinariya. Ta hanyar auna ainihin abin da nodes ke amfani, sun motsa daga hasashe zuwa gaskiya. Tsalle-tsalle na ma'ana yana da kyau: idan mun san abin da ake buƙata don tabbatarwa ("saitin aiki"), zamu iya watsar da sauran a gida, mu samo shi kawai a lokacin da ba kasafai ake buƙatarsa ba. Wannan shine musayar lokaci-sarari na gargajiya, wanda aka inganta don gaskiyar cewa faɗin hanyar sadarwa sau da yawa yana da araha kuma yana da yawa fiye da ajiya, musamman akan kayan aikin mabukaci.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfinsa shine aikace-aikacensa da gaggawarsa. Babu cokali mai yatsu, babu canjin yarjejeniya—kawai software ɗin abokin ciniki mai hankali. Yana rage matsalar gudanar da cikakken node kai tsaye, yana yaƙi da tsakiyanci. Duk da haka, kuskure yana cikin ƙa'idodin musayar. "Maras muhimmanci" nauyin hanyar sadarwa yana ɗaukar cikakkiyar hanyar sadarwa ta abokan aiki, masu gaskiya. A lokacin raba hanyar sadarwa ko ƙwararrun harin gurbataccen rana, ikon node da aka yanke na tabbatar da sake tsara sarkar mai zurfi zai iya kasancewa cikin matsala idan ba zai iya samo tsofaffin tubalan ba. Hakanan yana ƙara ɗan jinkiri don tabbatar da tsofaffin ma'amaloli. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda masu bincike kamar Gervais da sauransu suka lura a cikin bincikensu na tsaro na PoW, rage damar node na nan take zuwa tarihi na iya, a cikin yanayi na gefe, shafar ikonsa na tabbatar da cikakken aikin sarkar. Takardar na iya zurfafa cikin waɗannan musayar tsaro-inganci.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu haɓaka blockchain, umarni a bayyane yake: haɗa wannan yanke mai hankali mai dogaro da bayanai cikin software ɗin abokin ciniki na asali. Tutar "prune=550" na yanzu a cikin Bitcoin Core kayan aiki ne mara hankali; ya kamata a maye gurbinsa da ingantaccen tsarin da aka ba da shawara a nan. Ga kamfanoni da masu haƙar ma'adinai, wannan ma'auni ne na ceton kuɗi kai tsaye—ana iya rage lissafin ajiyar gajimare da fiye da 90%. Ga faɗin yanayin, wannan binciken yana ba da labari mai adawa da hujjar "blockchains suna da ciko a zahiri". Ya nuna cewa ana iya samun ingantattun haɓakawa ta hanyar ƙirƙira na ɓangaren abokin ciniki, ba tare da taɓa yankin yarjejeniya mai tsarki ba. Mataki na gaba shine daidaita ka'idar samun bayanai bisa buƙata don sanya ta zama mai inganci da kiyaye sirri, mai juya wannan binciken zuwa ma'auni mai yiwuwa.